Cognitive Psychology and Application to Learning Instruction

A number of cognitive learning theories exist including Gestalt theory, schema theory, multi-store theory, and informational processing theory. All these theories are often invoked when giving instructions to students at various levels. In the late 1950s, some psychology scholars came up with what is popularly referred to as cognitive sciences, which is often considered a cognitive revolution in the field of education.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Psychology and Application to Learning Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on this, scholars underscore the fact that educationists should combine psychological knowledge, anthropological research, and the major principle of linguistics in disseminating knowledge to students. Consequently, the major concepts derived in the fields of artificial brainpower, computer science, and neurosciences are seen as the most critical in designing instructional materials (Hewstone, Rubin, Willis, 2002). Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were the two psychological scholars who extensively participated in promoting cognitive learning. Cognitive psychologists are of the view that learning is a continuous process that entails conversion of information in the surrounding into a reliable knowledge that can perhaps be accumulated safely in the human brain. Therefore, the theory of cognitive psychology, as far as learning is concerned, focuses on some aspects including the following: A positive view of growth, which focuses on cognizant judgment Active construction of thoughtfulness The changes that take place as children go through an education system Description of cognitive processes Gestalt Theory Gestalt theory is one of the theories of cognitive learning that focuses on the role of human consciousness in promoting learning. It opposes the view that human consciousness can perhaps be broken down into smaller elements. Some of the theorists who participated in the development of the theory include Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler. These theorists played a major role in ensuring that the role of perception in learning was understood. The scholars were of the view that perception is only of value when seen as a whole. Based on this, it is understood that the brain functions in a holistic, comparable, and analogous way, implying that it has a self-organizing predisposition. In other words, it can be concluded that the summation of the parts is different from the parts themselves. The theory suggests that the sum of the parts interferes with the visual recognition of figures in individuals since the whole would always take precedence, as compared to the simple contours and arcs. Gestalt means shape or figure in the German language. Theorists allied to the Gestalt theory believe that learning among people is an outcome of good perception while poor perception automatically leads to poor learning, particularly am ong adults (Groeger, 2002). Gestalt theory has six principles which are used in interpreting learning systems in the field of education. The first principle is referred to as the law of good form. This means the learning results would be strong if only the conditions are favorable. In this regard, form is the most primitive unit as far as perception is concerned.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When people perceive something, they tend to pick the form since it is the simplest. Gestalt scholars observe that people’s experiences and their behavior tend to influence their perceptions. The second principle is the law of figure, which is also referred to as the ground discrimination principle. The principle suggests that an individual sees several figures as he or she tries to interpret an image. This implies that the two forms have equal importance. The source of the mes sage influences an individual’s perception, implying that an individual would most probably see a vase in case the sender wants to express the vase while the same person might see the black background in case it is the intention of the sender. It follows therefore that an individual would easily confuse a figure with the ground. The law of proximity is the third principle which suggests that an individual tends to view things that are close to each other as being similar. In this regard, people will understand something better in case the presenter is closer. The fourth principle is the law of similarity. It states that similar things form a group. The fifth law is the law of closure which states that people tend to close gaps whenever a word is misspelled. Finally, gestalt theory talks about the law of continuity (Zettle, Rains, Hayes, 2011). Information Processing Theory The theory was formulated in the United States through the experimental tradition in psychology. The sc holars holding this view believe that the human brain operates in the same way as the computer, meaning that the human brain has several systems that are charged with information processing. However, some rules and strategies are often invoked in interpreting information. The theory suggests that the brain has limited capacity for information processing and storage. Three key processes take place as far as information processing is concerned. The first step is encoding which is equivalent to the computer input (MacRae, Bodenhausen, 2001). The information is stored after encoding and is retrieved whenever needed. The theorists holding this view are of the opinion that the computer was designed based on the activities of the human brain. Since the computer can be made a powerful information processing machine, the human mind can be improved through teaching and continuous guidance as well. Multi-store Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin developed the theory in the late 1960s. The t heory talks about the structure of the memory. Theorists allied to this perspective suggest that human memory is divided into three major stages including the sensory memory, short term memory, and the long term memory. Such scholars believe that each memory has its specific role. In other words, the theory sums up the memory processes and their functions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Psychology and Application to Learning Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, an individual hears and feels something, but he or she has the capacity of remembering very few concepts. The sensory memory is the most sophisticated since it contains receptors which store information that gets into the brain through the senses. The energy in the sensory memory has the capacity of changing form one state to another. The environment is the main source of information. It provides information, such as light, sound, and smell, but the brain has the capacity to interpret electrical energy only (Mansell, 2004). The receptor cells have the ability to convert electrical energy to other forms that the human brain can perhaps understand better. The memory is often created during the process of change of energy from electrical to other forms. However, the memory created is short-lasting, for only half a second for vision and three seconds for hearing. The human sense organs do not have the capacity to store unprocessed information for long. Short term memory is relied upon in storing information temporarily in the human brain. Some scholars call this type of brain a working memory. In fact, it is directly related to what an individual thinks about in any given time. Freud suggested that short term memory is the conscious memory that is often produced when an individual pays attention to an exterior incentive or an interior thought. The third memory type is the long term memory which offers lasting preservation of information. The memory does not have a limit as far as information storage is concerned. However, it is never measured since the process is tiresome (Reyna, 2012). Reducing Prejudice Using Cognitive Principles Cognitive psychology principles can be employed successfully in reducing the effects of prejudice in test items. This is made possible through intergroup contact, which has proven effective as far as reducing prejudice is concerned. Pettigrew and Tropp advised that developing knowledge about an out-group is one of the ways of reducing prejudice. An out-group refers to a social grouping that an individual does not identify with, mainly because of ethnicity, religion, or even skin color. The term is used extensively in defining the social identity theory which states that an individual would be uncomfortable associating with members of a different group whom s/he does not recognize. Conflicts among groups are resolved through enhancing out-group k nowledge where individuals are made to understand that their culture is not superior in any way as compared to that of other people.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They have to value the beliefs and cultural values of other people and respect them in public places (Arch, Craske, 2006). Prejudice can as well be reduced through minimizing anxiety among members of an intergroup. In other words, individuals should be informed that the views of others count in case they want to come up with a constructive policy or problem solving strategy. Finally, prejudice is minimized through sympathy and perspective taking. This means that people should try to view the tribulations of others in their own points of view. In other words, an individual should be instructed to do to others what he or she would expect them to do to him or her. Reducing Stereotyping Using Cognitive Principles One of the major ways of reducing stereotyping is enhancing internal motivation and keeping off from external pressure. Scholars of cognitive psychology suggest that racial discrimination occurs mainly because of unconscious prejudice. This suggests that stereotyping is often unintentional. This affects people in their change processes since they lack motivation (Twyman, 2007). Based on this, the human mind has a number of modular adaptations that serve several functions. In this regard, human behavior is simply an output of the psychological adaptations that evolve to address problems in the modern societies. This shows that the human mind is always in the process of evolving to counter the new challenges posed by the modern society. As new things emerge, the human mind develops some mechanisms to counter them. Many scholars support this view, even though there are those who are opposed to it. Stereotyping would be reduced greatly in case people are encouraged to increase perspective taking and empathy whenever they deal with those in need. Cognitive psychology suggests that human beings perceive things based on the environment. In case the environment is favorable, the perception will be positive. Therefore, an enabling environment should always be cre ated in the surrounding to support good perception. This would definitely end stereotypes. References Arch, J., Craske, M.G. (2008). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Different Treatments, Similar Mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15(4), 263-271. Groeger, J (2002). Trafficking in cognition: applying cognitive psychology to driving. Transportation Research Part F. Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 5(4), 235-248. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 575–604. MacRae, C., Bodenhausen, G. (2001). Social cognition: Categorical person perception. British Journal of Psychology, 92(1), 239–255. Mansell, W (2004). Cognitive psychology and anxiety. Psychiatry, 3(4), 6–10. Reyna, V, (2012). A new institutionism: Meaning, memory, and development in Fuzzy-Trace Theory†. Judgment and Decision Making, 7(3): 332–359. Twyman, J.S . (2007). A new era of science and practice in behavior analysis. Association for Behavior Analysis International: Newsletter, 30(3), 1–4. Zettle, R.D., Rains, J.C., Hayes, S.C. (2011). Processes of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Mediation Reanalysis of Zettle and Rains. Behavior Modification, 35(3), 265–283. This research paper on Cognitive Psychology and Application to Learning Instruction was written and submitted by user Mikaela Patrick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why You Dont Need Approval (+5 More Lean Marketing Ideas)

Why You Dont Need Approval (+5 More Lean Marketing Ideas) Marketers are often asked to do more with less. Publish more frequently to get better results. Publish more with only the resources you already have. Publish more content thats among  the best youve ever published. And do all of that as fast as you possibly can. I dont think those are  unrealistic expectations, either. As marketers, our job is to create content that attracts an audience interested in what our businesses sell. Why You Dont Need Approval (+5 Bonus *Unconventional* #LeanMarketing Ideas)Its 100% true that publishing more content gives us more data to analyze to increase our results more quickly than ever before. And if youre publishing content and not measuring your results how do you know youre attracting the audience that is interested in what youre selling? The proof is in the numbers. And the proof that your work isnt generating results also exists  when you have no numbers to show for the work youve done. ^ That happens, unfortunately, when you  waste time doing projects that focus on the 10%. Let me explain. Lean Marketing = 10x Growth Versus 10% Improvement Theres a mantra you hear daily at : Focus on 10x growth and forget the 10% improvements. That means prioritizing the work you do to reach your marketing goals ten times faster. Dont do the trivial minutia that sucks productivity away (and honestly doesnt drive huge growth). Prioritize your work to reach your marketing goals ten times faster.Your Example For example, should you focus on writing better content or research the best times to publish your content? 10x growth can definitely come from sharing  better content. But publishing at the best times is a  10% improvement because it  focuses too heavily on one-day advantages versus the long-term 10x benefits of strong evergreen, keyword-driven content. (Plus, you can automatically post at the best times without any manual busywork.) Make sense? Heres another example. My Example We recently launched a course to help marketers plan their 2017 marketing strategy. We thought a video would be great to promote the course: We could add the video to   the signup page! We could share the video on Facebook! Then we could also do Facebook video ads  to reach a larger audience! We could upload the video to YouTube! That video would have been a 10% project. And we would have spent hours recording, designing, editing, uploading, and sharing the thing. Do you know how we knew the video would have been a 10% improvement? We had created a video for a previous course that had only 914 views. Thousands of students literally  joined the course  without ever scrolling down the  signup page far enough to even watch the video (which we learned with data from  heat mapping). For this new course, could we have created a video and put it higher on the page so people would watch it? Sure. But the video  didnt matter last time because we promoted  the course so well that our audience didnt need to be sold any further- the moment  they saw the signup form, they signed up. Video on Facebook tends to perform well. Thats 100% true. But hours of effort for one Facebook post? Plus, we knew from our prior Facebook ads that video does not convert even close to as well as  other visuals like colorful screenshots and custom photography. Thats likely something to do with our audience, but hey. It was a data-driven decision, nevertheless. We have a small following on YouTube now. Sure, more videos = larger audience. But is it worth the effort  to create a video to reach a handful of people? ^ Thats a real life example of how we sift through projects to focus our efforts on 10x growth instead of 10% improvements. That course is definitely 10x growth. But the video to promote it? 10%. A lot of these lean marketing ideas go against the grain. Its a frame of mind that helps you prioritize your work for growth instead of perfection. Prioritize your work for growth instead of perfection. So what other unconventional  things do we do to focus our time on 10x growth instead of 10% improvement in the marketing team at ? Lean Marketing Idea #1: Prioritize + Start Perfection There are a million things you could do. What should you do? What are you doing today that youre doing simply because youve always done it that way? In its simplest form, start with a list of projects prioritized by great for growth to just OK for growth. To use an agile product management term, thats your marketing project backlog. This is what ours looks like for the demand generation marketing team at : Once you know your best opportunities for 10x growth, map your projects week by week to know when youll tackle (and complete) them. Again with the agile terminology: That map is called your marketing sprint backlog. This is what ours looks like: Then you start executing. But, for many of us, starting is difficult. Its human nature to want to be an expert. To shoot for perfection. But when you start youre anything but an expert. The work you produce wont be perfect. And thats perfect. I recently discovered a new favorite quote from Zig Ziglar that should help you get started: You dont have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great. - Zig Ziglar The highest priority project on your marketing project  backlog may involve learning new skills, doing things youve never done before. The most important thing to do is start. Its scientifically proven that  you need to start, hone your process, and consistently improve to master  a new skill. As it turns out, that kind skill acquisition is really handy for us marketers who want to publish more content. And thats because If you don’t ship, you actually haven’t started anything at all. At some point, your work has to intersect with the market. At some point, you need feedback as to whether or not it worked. Otherwise, it’s merely a hobby. - Seth Godin Shooting for perfection is imperfect. Publish something just good enough, improve your process, and learn from what youve done. Shooting for perfection is imperfect.Lean Marketing Idea #2: Ditch The Documented Marketing Strategy People who write down their goals are more likely to  make them a reality. So write yours down. Then create your marketing project roadmap and marketing sprint backlog. If you have those three things (goal + roadmap + backlog), you dont need a 54-page marketing strategy describing what you need to do. You can execute the right projects (right now) that will make that goal a reality. We dont have a documented marketing plan  at . And if you think thats crazy, the results of our strategy  prove it works. In 2016, we boosted our results by 125%. We get more than 1 million monthly page views to our content from more than 130k email subscribers. And  now were doubling down on new goals with the same strategic approach. You see not having a documented plan is not about acting without strategy. And we prioritize execution for 10x growth over internal documentation that doesnt put the proof of numbers in our favor. Not having a documented plan is not about acting without strategy.This is a concept adapted from Eric Ries book, The Lean Startup.  And its something our CEO and Co-Founder at , Garrett Moon, is pretty passionate about: For a startup, business plans are no longer normal. In fact, they are now considered a faux pas and seen as a mere â€Å"business guess.† But that wasn’t always the case. Before the lean startup, the business plan was a document that assumed we knew everything there was to know about our business, a plan set in stone. It was done, or so we thought. In reality, it was just a big huge guess. Marketing plans and gigantic old strategy documents aren’t much different. They may sound novel and responsible, but the reality is that they are just guesses too. - Garrett Moon Work on the right projects. Help them reach the right audience. And put in the right amount of effort. Lean Marketing Idea #3: You Dont Need An Approval Process Empower + trust your team. If you manage everything right from the beginning, you dont need five rounds of drafts to approve (that your content creators loathe, by the way). Heres how to do it: Have a goal. Prioritize  the  project that will make that goal a reality. Discuss how to execute the project as a team. Break down the project into a chronological list of tasks. Assign the tasks  to your  team. Publish the content when all tasks are complete. ^ Am I oversimplifying that? I really  dont think so. If you nail the process as your team executes from the start,  the work theyll produce will be world class the first time around. And that will eliminate the need for lengthy last-minute edits, tweaks, and fire drills. So how can you  do that? A Standard Of Performance may be just what your team needs. In combination with solid project management (check out the six steps ^), a Standard Of Performance assigns expectations for the content your team is producing. For example, blog posts at have five pillars in our Standard Of Performance: Topic: The angle is well-chosen to attract an audience interested in resolving the challenges delivers. Keyword: The content is optimized to attract an audience at exactly the moment they need it most- when theyre searching for it. Research: The content is factual + backed by data, examples, or testimonials. Comprehensive + Concise: The content covers the topic exhaustively, but is  all killer, no filler. Optimized: The content is optimized for conversion, whether it be  capturing email subscribers or generating trial signup leads. When your team follows your process and delivers on your Standards Of Performance, you effectively remove the need for a lengthy approval process. Dont get me wrong. There is still process. But its process to boost productivity and free up your teams time (and yours, too). Replace approval with empowerment.Lean Marketing Idea #4: Dont Edit Your Content After You Publish It Process directs positive outcome. It doesnt direct perfection. Even when copyediting is a task in your workflow process, chances are, youre going to publish content with spelling errors, grammar mistakes, and sentences/paragraphs you just arent 100% satisfied with. ^ Editing typos + grammar + personal qualms after youve published content is a 10% improvement. I can tell you from experience that the grammar police will let you know when they find  these mistakes. Theyre being nice so you can stop  your 10x project to: Go into WordPress Search for that blog post Hunt for the specific paragraph and sentence Change a couple characters Hit update View your blog post Scroll to the specific paragraph and sentence Re-read everything so it sounds + looks great Then you can get back to the real work that actually adds measurable, 10x impact to your goal. We make mistakes in every blog post we publish on the blog. People let us know about them in blog post comments, social media, emails, and way more. It is helpful, sure. And  we chock up that advice to lessons learned. We commit to  avoiding  those same mistakes next time around. But we dont stop what were doing for 10% improvement. Make mistakes once.Lean Marketing Idea #5: Develop Frameworks That Help Your Team Make Solid Decisions Without You Its unrealistic (and super  micro-managery) to help your team members make every decision. Simple frameworks make this possible. Youve already read about a couple of ours at : 10x growth versus 10% improvement Standards Of Performance Create the right content, get it in the right hands, and put in the right level of effort Garrett actually wrote an entire blog post about the questions he asks the team to keep us focused on what matters. These questions are also frameworks  we, as a team, ask ourselves as we work to focus our decisions on the best possible outcomes. Here are just a few of the questions we use as frameworks: Whats in it for them? Does this meet our standard of performance? What can you ship right now? Are you building a monopoly? Do you have everything you need to be successful? You might want to borrow those frameworks. Or maybe this can inspire you to come up with your own. The point is, frameworks help your team  make the right decisions by themselves because youve given them the guidance/direction/empowerment to do it without you. Lean Marketing Idea #6: Use The Right Tools Designed For The Right Job How valuable is your time? Lets say you make a salary of $50,000 a year. With 250 working days at 8 hours a day, you make $25 an hour. When  you spend more than 1 hour doing something manually that a tool could do for $25, you are wasting productivity. Here are some examples of what I mean (specifically for the team at ): We could manually search for  all mentions of the brand across the web (which would take forever). Or we could use a tool like Mention to see every mention in one place and easily respond. Easy choice. We could manually schedule emails one at a time for specific  segments. Or we could use marketing email automation to automatically (and intelligently) send specific emails to the right audiences at the right times based on their interests. AKA do the work once and let a system manage the mechanics again, easy choice. We could use  a spreadsheet as our marketing calendar (which only one person could access at a time, and doesnt integrate with our marketing tools). Or we could use to organize  every project in one place, eliminate endless  email CCs, and assign tasks to complete work super efficiently. No brainer. The time you spend manually working through something a tool could do more efficiently  is probably  more expensive than buying the tool designed for the job. The time you spend on manual work is more expensive than buying the right tool.Those Are A Few Of  Our Unconventional Lean Marketing Ideas You might  be nodding your head and smiling right now. Or ready to write that comment to tell me why Im completely wrong. Either way, I want to hear from you. ;)

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journals - Essay Example Initially, you would think about it as a direct compliment to the writer's mistress considering the words being used; nevertheless, it went unflatteringly to the mistress. What's pleasing about the reading is how the visual aspect of the sonnet is complemented by the words and the Rhyme scheme used. Also, it is interesting how the writer referenced other poets in the past and used their work to parody its thoughtlessness and predictability. I am particularly drawn to the writer’s satire over the hyperbole of the allusions used in conventional poetries. The writer’s mock over these representations expresses his strong dissent on comparing two entities unfairly; it is one-sided in a sense that one is being fooled or belied [Student’s Last Name] 2 (the mistress) and one remains stationary (the natural entities) - not having to feel all these predictabilities because they are lifeless. This disagreement suggests that the writer feels it’s not fair to resemble one's affection with things that are beyond reality; unfathomable notions. The reading taught me how to appreciate other people for who they are. Also, it taught me to become more realistic and always strive to evade disproving statements that may cause pain to someone, especially those who are close to me. Journal Entry 2: â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath (Chapter 19) Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Daddy† demonstrates a rather difficult and complicated concept. She integrates her personal life with some historical, religious, and psychological themes. This rare combination created a piece of art that opens up for manifold interpretations. The poem depicts a story of a girl who suffers from the memory left by her father who passed away. What is most interesting about the poem is its autobiographical tone. It relates to the personal life of Sylvia Path. There are passages of the story that suggest range of how his father’s memory affected her. In the poem it goes  "At twenty I tried to die. And get back, back, back to you. I thought even the bones would do.† It shows how desperate she is to be with her father’s company once again. The poem also includes the life she had with her husband. She describes her husband as a vampire; someone who destroyed her life. She writes: if I've killed one man, I've killed two- The vampire who said he was you; and drank my blood for a year. Probably, the most telling part of the poem is how it goes consistently with her life, which asserts the autobiographical tone of the piece. Journal Entry 3: â€Å"Metaphors† by Sylvia Plath (Chapter 19) One particular reason why this reading is quite puzzling and difficult to decipher is the [Student’s Last Name] 3 fact that it uses metaphors to indirectly and ambiguously make connection with its underlying meaning. Of course, given that most poems have unclear or implied context, it makes it more difficult to understand. The poem shows how cunni ng and complicated Sylvia Plath's poetry is. It prevents the ease of resorting to visual interpretations of the mind to easily understand the poem. Even more, it uses metaphors that are uncommonly, unexpectedly relatable to the intended meaning of the poem. The poem depicts pregnancy. I love the way Sylvia presented her ideas by being more creative. There are

Testing and analyzing the windows of airbus airplanes and why it does Research Paper

Testing and analyzing the windows of airbus airplanes and why it does not affect by the high voltage lighting in the sky - Research Paper Example Therefore, while designing and developing plane preventive measures are taken to cope with such unpleasant situations before time. High voltage lightning within the atmosphere(Naidu and Kamaraju); negatively affect the planes and birds during flight. Below is the exhaustive list of dangers suspected as a result of high voltage lightning. Lightning strokes result in the production of immense heat energy and high intensity magnetic forces. This heat energy is directly produced at the surface of the body which is in contact with the lightning strike. The extent of this generated is too high to vaporize the sap of a tree if it travels across it. This vaporization would result in the generation of immense steam which may result in the bursting of the tree trunk. If this steam is allowed to pass through soil, it may cause plasma channels to melt down forming fulgurites. Any sort of contact with humans or other loving things may even result in spontaneous deaths. Therefore, while designing sophisticated systems, lightning protection systems needs to be introduced in order to keep the system protected in unpleasant situations as well. Lightning is always accompanied by a thunder sound. This is not only a sound we hear but it is actually a very dangerous compression wave which is high in intensity as well as speed and can badly affect anything during its flight. Chemistry of thunder is that the electrostatic discharge produces lightning which is having high temperatures that heats the air and converts it to plasma. This process takes place along the discharge channel. Production of plasma raises the pressure within the cloud area resulting in sudden expansion of molecules outwards the area. This expansion is accompanied by the production of shockwave with immense energy. This energy can really affect the flight of the plane flying through the cloudy area. Lightning is one of the most common source of natural disaster and fatalities after flood and each year

Formative Assessment Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Formative Assessment - Literature review Example The following essay aims to evaluate a particular research done using a particular framework with a focus on the factor of identity. Currently, the most comprehensive framework used for evaluation is known as the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, which is also referred to as the Assessment Framework. Released in 2000 in guidance form under the UK Department of Health, the Assessment Framework takes into consideration three domains in analysing family situations. These factors include the child’s development needs, the capacity of the parents to raise the child, and family and environmental factors (â€Å"Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families† 17). Under each of these three domains are multiple dimensions or factors which the social worker must consider in both assessing the family situation and in making decisions of any type regarding the child. Falling under the domain of the child’s development n eeds is the dimension of identity. According to the Assessment Framework, it â€Å"concerns the child’s growing sense of self as a separate and valued person. Identity includes the child's view of self and abilities, self-image and self-esteem, and the possession of a positive sense of individuality. Race, religion, age, gender, sexuality and disability may all contribute to this. The said concept also includes feelings of belonging and acceptance by family, peer group and wider society, including other cultural groups† (â€Å"Framework† 19). Knowing how the child views him or herself, especially in relation to others, is essential in achieving the end goal of the child’s holistic well-being. How human beings view themselves has long been a topic of discussion for many of the social sciences and their practical counterparts in social work, as evidenced by the various theories on identity formation, development, and composition that have been put forward. These theories are very varied, from George Herbert Mead’s I and Me theory, to the object-relation theories of Winnicott (Thomas & Holland 2619). It is no surprise then, that there are just as many researches regarding identity as there are theories about them. For the purpose of this essay, however, the discussion will focus on the 2009 research by Jane Thomas and Sally Holland regarding the representation of children’s identities in core assessments. The research, which was conducted in Wales, was undertaken via the analysis of twenty-six core assessments concerning thirty-two children and implemented by thirteen social service practitioners (Thomas and Holland 2621). The core assessments were conducted under the guidelines of the Assessment Framework. The research focused on the portion of the assessment that dealt with identity and data collection consisted of reading of assessment reports, semi-structured interviews with the thirteen practitioners, semi-structured interviews with thirteen parents or carers and semi-structured interviews and research-related games and activities with ten children (Thomas and Holland 2622). The research yielded interesting results. It was shown through the interviews that the practitioners themselves were aware of the flexible and changing nature of identity and had some difficulty with describing their own identity,

Education: The Social Institution | Research

Education: The Social Institution | Research Introduction Education is one of social institution that makes society and the country sustainable and development. With education, people acquire knowledge, skills, habit, value, and morality, and attitude (Roth Hok, 2004, p 3). It provides the country workforce in order to meet the challenge of globalization of today competitive economic and technological development. Accordance with the needs above, each country try to build up quality of education, enlarge and widespread the educational building centers, schools and universities everywhere in the country. Moreover, they provide the chance to those who want to work on the educational sectors which aspect as private sector or organization. Additionally, the educational institution tries to reform and generate more method, structure or other techniques to improve the educational system. There are four functions of education: enculturation, qualification, allocation and legitimation (Historical Root Document) in which each function plays very imp ortant role and works in deferent aspect that education become more and more effective. In order to stabilize and develop the country more effectively, legitimation is one of the most important functions, which have been applying actively in education. In term of educational aspect, legitimation is the tool to establish and link the people in society. It provides norm, values and ideology to stabilize the political power and also cultural and social identity (Historical Root Document). Cambodia is one of the developing countries which has just emerged from the war that the education had been distracted to almost zero. According to Mr. Heng stated that Having passed four years of the barbaric genocidal regime of the Pol Pot- Ieng Sary clique our infrastructure in the domain of education and teaching is completely shattered. (Ayres, 2003). Now it has been struggling very hard to become the developed country by focusing much on the education as the main sector that education in term of legitimation has been applied more potentially in the Cambodian context in order to stabilize, nationalize the nation as a whole. Research Questions What is the main factor to shape the curriculum in Education? How did the education curriculum in PRK and later apply the social and national vision to the citizens? How effective have the education system work in conceptualize the citizen for stabilizing the country? Education in Cambodia in term of Legitimation In Cambodia, from one period to another, the curriculum has been changed and reformed steadily in order to modernize and get a better quality to fulfill the need of society within the Cambodian context. The curriculum has been set and assimilated the ideology to the young Cambodian to be harmony, peace, stability and feeling of loving nation and society and also supports and serves their political power. On the other hand, curriculum has policies to correct and encourage the students to learn more and understand their obligation as students to respect the school regulations and laws, avoid committing the crime in society that is unacceptable. Additionally, the curriculum has provided them how to be good citizens, know their national identity, love the national culture, think critically and live together peacefully. According to the curriculum the students are provided to learn the subjects that tell about the way of living, the way to speak, dress, stand, sit, and walk, it also provi des norms, value and persuade the young Cambodians to love and protect their own national heritage; moreover, the information the students get is to follow and support the government context that the nation become stability, prosperity and successful development. (Policy for Curriculum Development, 2005-2009) General goal of curriculum in term of legitimation The goals and aims of education are to develop human resources mentally, emotionally, and physically. It provides the learners to gain the real life experience in society. It also provides the learners to understand the value of education that is limited by the royal government. In reforming of educational system, the students can solve the faced problem in their life such as aids, traffic, domestic violence, human right, climate change, protect the environment, reduce the poverty and other conflicts in community and also the country. Education can erg all the learners to think about economics, religion, controversial land, governments concession land. When the learners understand about these problems they can work out these peacefully. As we know, when we reform the educational system, it usually effects both government and learners such as the government spend a lot of budgets and the learners are difficult to adapt with new programs. But we must reform it to progress better in cou ntry as well as in the religion. A good education gives the learners to get high knowledge to reply the need of ministries, departments, companies, enterprises, organizations and other institutions. If they get well paid job, they will help themselves, their families and country. When the learners are educated from schools with good curriculums, they will become very well educated persons who are very important asset in their society. Moreover, they can attract investors to invest in their community and also the country. One country has rapid development; it is because of the high knowledgeable learners. It is necessary cant be lake of them. (Research in Post-Compulsory Education, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1998) In PRK period In the period of People Republic Kampouchea regime, the government was in left with nothing in the hands as well as the education system. (Arys, 2000) With the official government was empty idea related to the education theory and practices, most of them were in the army sectors. In addition to this, the influence of cold war in the current flow of world power between Russia and the United State (Nayan Chanda, 2007) led to spread the ideology of socialism which affected on Cambodia government in education curriculum. However the new educational program had been announced officially in on July 30, 1979 in the PRK. The system had been put an effect by Heng samrin. The new educational structure had been replaced by the administration of Vietnamese and French educational practice. The primary school course had been divided into two three-year cycle prior to 1975, was reduced into four grade, secondary school six years to maximum three years cycle. The ten years structure and ascending nu mbering system followed the denote school grades, were very similar to those Vietnamese. Another feature of the system which the same as Vietnameses was the decentralized control. Provincial education committees were vested with a high degree of responsibility for making decision. (Ayres, 2003) In that way, education is to protect and build the Peoples Republic of Cambodia in to socialist country, (Ayres, 2003), so in the period the education is provided to the people in order to stabilize the country and improve the political power. After PRK period 1990s After the election in 1993, The Cambodia constitution has rehabilitation plans, the strategies of MoEYS, the strategies of socioeconomic, and the real national situation the education reform policy had been accepted by the education system development committees as the following: The general education system from grade 11 to 12 years added 1year to primary school that the formula is 6+3+3, which is 6 years in primary school, 3 years in secondary school 3 years in high school. They also increase up 6 hours per day in order to get the international standard of 5,000 hours in which one class period 45 minutes in primary school and 50 minutes in secondary school. There 6 subject areas in primary and 8 subjects in secondary school include foreign subjects (English or French) grade 5 in primary school upward. (UNESCO statistical yearbook, 1999) The goal of curriculum has been set to increase the quality of general education and adept with the globalization in order to easy to learn and teach more effectively that the students and teacher become very skillful and they can work very well and effectively in the class as they have expected to get high standard knowledge. (The effect of curriculum type on middle grade instruction, Vol. 5 pp.201). The curriculum has also helped them to learn thing which is fit to their ability to the situation in their own society as well as their family, community, and help next generation to love their own nation and people. Moreover the curriculum helps them to build up their capacity to improve the policy and develop their country. The curriculum can correct their habits how to live and work in their country peacefully. Thus they can be very important asset to work more effectively to develop the nation and liberal pluralistic democracy. (Policy for Curriculum Development, 2005-2009) Conclusion In conclusion, as I mentioned above, it is important to reform the educational system for all the learners. I deeply believe for good curriculums can drive the learners and country to grow up sharply. If in one country has lots of good learners, the country will develop faster. For example, the Unites State of America. This country is over 200 years old, but they develop all fields. If we compare with Cambodia, it is so far different. It shows that human resources from study with good curriculums help to improve all the fields in their country. The important of curriculums help the learners improve them to think about the problems properly such as social issue, family economics, land conflict, domestic violence, aids, traffic, human right, children right and other things the learners understand about climate change, environment issue, traditions, cultures, religion relieve and understand universal laws. In my ideas, I think that good curriculums are important for the learners to reac h and achieve their goals in their life. A good curriculum can lead the learners to do the right thing and they become good citizens, leaders in the future. Additionally, good curriculums help all the learners do and think something correctly that society and human being recognize. Totally, the reforming of curriculums drives the learner to love their people, culture, costume, national treasure, environment, government, leaders, and their country. (Policy for Curriculum Development, 2005-2009)

Genre Theory and John Fords Stagecoach Essay -- Movie Film Films Cine

Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach The analytic theory posited by Robert Warshow in his essay "The Westerner", itemizes the elements necessary for a film to belong to the genre of the "western". Most contentiously, he mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama." (431) He states that it is subtle variations that make successive instances of a genre film interesting, yet limits this variety to "minor variations in the characteristics of the actors who play the hero's role." (430) It is my belief that while exhibiting many of the traits itemized by Warshow, John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) also exhibits variations in characterization, symbolism and even moral focus which project it dangerously close to what Warshow would view as a "social" film. It would be nearly impossible to declare Stagecoach a non-western by either Warshow's own generic criteria or the expectations of the genre viewer, yet the film clearly conveys the more individuated social concerns of its director. While Warshow claims that this perversion of the norm threatens to make the genre uninteresting, I believe the contrary to be true. Subverting the expectations of the genre, while still functioning within the language of the "western" is what makes Stagecoach a powerful film, and legitimizes the notion of genre itself. The traits cited by Warshow as compulsory for the "western" are extensive. Most elements concern the figure of the melancholy cowboy hero, who is certainly present in Stagecoach in the personage of Ringo. The hero usually exhibits a certain leisure, an ambiguity of occupation, a noncha... ...r variations within the working out of a pre-established order." (461) However, his theory seems too eager to limit a genre film to achieving the same end in every incidence. I believe that Stagecoach reveals that it can be more constructive to achieve something new through the use of the conventional mode. It seems that it is only through the creation of an ostensibly new product by each recurrence of a generic form that a genre can continue. Theorists who deny the possibility of retaining enough of the original mode to make the film recognizable as part of a genre, while still capitalizing on the full range of variation available through plot, characterization, and style, underestimate the audience's capacity to simultaneously make connections and receive a new product. I believe an audience would rather be challenged than spoon-fed another "creative" recreation. Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach Essay -- Movie Film Films Cine Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach The analytic theory posited by Robert Warshow in his essay "The Westerner", itemizes the elements necessary for a film to belong to the genre of the "western". Most contentiously, he mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama." (431) He states that it is subtle variations that make successive instances of a genre film interesting, yet limits this variety to "minor variations in the characteristics of the actors who play the hero's role." (430) It is my belief that while exhibiting many of the traits itemized by Warshow, John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) also exhibits variations in characterization, symbolism and even moral focus which project it dangerously close to what Warshow would view as a "social" film. It would be nearly impossible to declare Stagecoach a non-western by either Warshow's own generic criteria or the expectations of the genre viewer, yet the film clearly conveys the more individuated social concerns of its director. While Warshow claims that this perversion of the norm threatens to make the genre uninteresting, I believe the contrary to be true. Subverting the expectations of the genre, while still functioning within the language of the "western" is what makes Stagecoach a powerful film, and legitimizes the notion of genre itself. The traits cited by Warshow as compulsory for the "western" are extensive. Most elements concern the figure of the melancholy cowboy hero, who is certainly present in Stagecoach in the personage of Ringo. The hero usually exhibits a certain leisure, an ambiguity of occupation, a noncha... ...r variations within the working out of a pre-established order." (461) However, his theory seems too eager to limit a genre film to achieving the same end in every incidence. I believe that Stagecoach reveals that it can be more constructive to achieve something new through the use of the conventional mode. It seems that it is only through the creation of an ostensibly new product by each recurrence of a generic form that a genre can continue. Theorists who deny the possibility of retaining enough of the original mode to make the film recognizable as part of a genre, while still capitalizing on the full range of variation available through plot, characterization, and style, underestimate the audience's capacity to simultaneously make connections and receive a new product. I believe an audience would rather be challenged than spoon-fed another "creative" recreation.